OpenAI Disrupts 20+ Malicious Operations, Including Election Interference and Malware Development

OpenAI has published a report detailing its efforts to combat the misuse of its AI models, revealing the disruption of over 20 operations linked to cyberattacks, influence campaigns, and disinformation. The report, authored by Ben Nimmo and Michael Flossman, highlights the diverse tactics employed by malicious actors, ranging from debugging malware and generating website content to creating fake social media personas and spreading election-related disinformation.

According to the report, one of the most striking revelations is how threat actors leveraged AI during the intermediate phases of their campaigns. Nimmo and Flossman explain: “Threat actors most often used our models to perform tasks in a specific, intermediate phase of activity—after they had acquired basic tools such as internet access, email addresses and social media accounts, but before they deployed “finished” products such as social media posts or malware across the internet.”

The AI models were instrumental in assisting these threat actors to generate social media content, write malicious scripts, or even debug their malware. However, the researchers emphasized that the impact of AI on these operations has so far been limited, with no evidence of breakthrough capabilities in creating new malware or viral influence campaigns.

One case study that stands out in the report involves a China-based threat actor, dubbed SweetSpecter, who utilized AI models to conduct spear-phishing attacks against OpenAI employees and others. The attack aimed to exploit vulnerabilities in popular software and evade security detections. “SweetSpecter used our models for reconnaissance, vulnerability research, and scripting support,” the report notes, adding that OpenAI’s defensive measures successfully mitigated the attack before it could do significant harm.​

Another example is the Iranian group CyberAv3ngers, which used OpenAI’s models to conduct research into programmable logic controllers (PLCs) for industrial control systems. They reportedly leveraged AI to debug code and search for weaknesses in infrastructure related to water systems, manufacturing, and energy sectors​.

The report includes several case studies illustrating the range of malicious activities disrupted by OpenAI. These include:

• “STORM-0817”: An Iranian threat actor using OpenAI models to debug malware and develop tools for scraping social media data.
• “A2Z”: A US-origin operation posting political comments in multiple languages on various social media platforms, including election-related content.
• “Stop News”: A Russia-origin operation generating English- and French-language content targeting West Africa and the UK, alongside Russian-language marketing content.

While the report acknowledges that threat actors continue to explore and experiment with AI, OpenAI’s robust detection systems and partnerships with industry peers have proven effective at identifying and dismantling these operations. However, as Nimmo and Flossman caution, “As we look to the future, we will continue to work across our intelligence, investigations, security research, and policy teams to anticipate how malicious actors may use advanced models for dangerous ends”.​

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